good Cloud: Psychological Needs and its Development

Psychological Needs and its Development

Name : Megawaty Elyna Magnolia Kumambong

SRN : 09 311 516

Department : Physics Education, FMIPA, UNIMA

E-mail Address : megakumambong@yahoo.co.id

Abstract

Man is a psycho-physical being, which means it can be reviewed in addition to its physical aspects, the human is also not free from the psychological aspect/instinct was in him. Therefore, in addition to physiological needs (basic needs), psychological needs within the individual also is something that will give a special color/characteristic of the individual. Individuals with the dominance of certain needs have a tendency to want to better satisfy those needs. Just as physical needs such as eating, drinking, sleeping, exercising, etc. that must be met in a good order can physically grow and develop in a healthy and well. Likewise social needs someone who needs a relationship with another person in order to achieve optimal growth, as well as cognitive needs that require stimulation from the outside to be able to grow optimally as well, then the person's psychological needs must be met to make himself capable of developing well and psychologically healthy . In the process of growth and development of a child to adulthood, changes /developments in psychological needs.

Keywords: Needs, Psychological Needs

Introduction

Before discussing about individual needs human instinct (psychology), need to know what is the sense of need and psychology.

Need or Necessity is a motivating force that compels action for its satisfaction. Needs range from basic survival needs (common to all human beings) satisfied by necessities, to cultural, intellectual, and social needs (varying from place to place and age group to age group) satisfied by necessaries. Needs are finite but, in contrast, wants (which spring from desires or wishes) are boundless.

Definitions

The minimal requirements of health and well-being.
A physiological or psychological condition that must be satisfied to remain healthy.
Innate psychological nutriments that are essential for ongoing psychological growth, integrity, and well-being.
Something that, when fulfilled, promotes integration and well-being and, when thwarted, fosters fragmentation and ill-being.

Etymologically, psychology derived from the word "psyche" meaning soul or breath of life, and "logos" or knowledge. Judging from the meaning of the word is as if psychology is the science of the soul or the study of the soul.

Individuals Basic Needs

As a psycho-physical beings, humans since the baby already has basic needs that need physical and psychological needs. One's social needs will be increasingly more psychological than physical needs in line with his age. In general, every man needs love, respect personal, physical fulfillment, training, discipline and the opportunity to develop various aspects of life. Therefore, as the psycho-physical human beings have the potential of life which has two manifestations:

1. Physical needs, demanding satisfaction for sure if not met can cause death in humans.

2. The instinct of humanity (in Psychology), demanding satisfaction but if not met will not cause death, but will suffer and shaken due to unmet needs.

References Review/Study Of Theory

Necessity is a condition characterized by feelings of lack and want to obtain something that will be realized through an operation or action (in Bherm Murray, 1996).

According to Thomson (1987) defines the term need or demand as that term is often used to designate a drive or drive like eg humans need sleep, and rabbits need to dig burrows. So here said the need had been shown to be a motivating force that drives the formation of a tension in living things because of certain shortcomings. Thus the two descriptions of the above definition, it can be concluded that the word need or physical needs and fundamental, while the drive or impetus rather a requirement that hierarchically higher and psychological.

Basically, individual needs can be divided into two major groups, namely the physiological and psychological needs (Cole and Bruce, 1959). Physiological needs are primary needs such as eating, drinking, sleeping, sexual, or self-protection. While the psychological needs (to be discussed in this journal) includes the need to develop in a person's personality. An example is the need to have something, where these psychological needs are more complicated and difficult dididentifikasi immediately.

Classification of Needs Theory

ü Needs theory according to Maslow

Maslow (1954) divide the various aspects of the requirement in stages into 5 aspects of needs, four of them are individual needs that are psychological.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

ü Needs theory according to Lindgren

In line with Maslow's needs theory, this discussion will be taken on a theory that is fundamental needs developed by Lindgren (1980). Fundamental meaning here in general each individual has this requirement. Lindgren basic needs of individuals classified into 4 aspects, which in fact there is also in the theory of needs by Maslow.

Classification of four aspects of these needs are as follows.

Stages	Description
4	Self Actualization
3	Needs for belonging
2	Cares and Love
1	Physiological needs, including safety needs

Discussion

Human Needs

Human needs can be classified as either physiological needs—those required to sustain and grow a healthy body—or as psychological needs—those required to sustain and grow a healthy mind.

A. Physiological Needs

Air—oxygen within a particular range of pressure, concentration, and purity is vital to survival. Lack of oxygen kills within minutes.
Water—access to adequate safe drinking water, approximately 50 liters per person per day, is a human need. Lack of water kills within days.
Food—Adequate calories, meeting certain minimum nutritional requirements are required to sustain life. Lack of food kills within days or weeks.
Shelter—protection from extremes of heat, cold, intense sun, prolonged precipitation, or other exposure that can lead to hypothermia or hyperthermia. Protective clothing may fill this need in certain environments.
Sanitation—isolation or protection from toxins and pathogens—this includes removal of human wastes, basic cleansing, and protections from harmful infectious agents such as parasites, bacteria, and viruses.
Sleep—adequate sleep of sufficient depth. Research is incomplete or disputed, but approximately 8 hours of uninterrupted sleep each night seems most effective.
Touch—Active touch, perhaps as a caring caress, is essential to the growth and healthy development of humans.

B. Psychological Needs

Autonomy—Being free to pursue goals you choose. Having a sense of choice, flexibility, and personal freedom. Self-governance. Autonomy is the converse of being controlled, however it is not the same as independence, selfishness, or irresponsibility. Autonomy is the feeling deep inside that your actions are your own choice; you are neither complying with nor defying controls. It requires integration of your choices and overcoming ambivalence.
Competence—The ability to succeed at an optimal challenge. It is the ability to do something well or to meet a required standard.
Relatedness—Feeling connected with others. Having people to care about, and people who care about you. The need to feel belongingness and connectedness with others. It may take the form of friendship and love, dialogue and sharing, group participation, community involvement, and a variety of prosocial activities.

Safety is the assured fulfillment of basic needs. It is the constant intent to satisfy these needs. It summarizes and emphasizes the importance of the needs. It is the need to meet the needs. It is a result of a needs deficit.

Meaningfulness is a sense of coherence, integrity, and significance. It is the result of acting with autonomy, attending to relatedness needs, exercising your competence, and integrating the results. It is the result of meeting the needs.

Self-esteem, feeling good about yourself, has two manifestations known as secure (or true) high self-esteem and fragile (or contingent) high-self esteem. Secure self-esteem is based on positive feelings of self-worth that are well anchored, authentic, and do not rely on self-promotion. In contrast, fragile self-esteem relies on specific outcomes that are easily threatened. As a result, people with fragile self-esteem are continually seeking external reassurances of their worth. Fragile high self-esteem results from a lack of autonomy, relatedness, or competence. It is caused by a deficit of true needs. Secure high self-esteem results from the integration of autonomy, relatedness, and competence. It results from having needs met.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology, proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper A Theory of Human Motivation.^[2] Maslow subsequently extended the idea to include his observations of humans' innate curiosity. His theories parallel many other theories of human developmental psychology, all of which focus on describing the stages of growth in humans.

Maslow's triangle, lists five basic human needs. The hierarchy starting from the bottom up is as listed, humans need:

1) Oxygen, food, water, and a comfortable body temperature

2) To feel a sense of security

3) To learn to be able to give and receive love, affection, feel a sense of belonging

4) To feel a sense of self esteem

5) To feel that they can "do what they were born to do"; an example of this would be the people who participated on the television show, American Idol. The people that ended up being first and second on this show said that "they always felt that singing was what they were born to do".

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is most often displayed as a pyramid. The lowest levels of the pyramid are made up of the most basic needs, while the more complex needs are located at the top of the pyramid. Needs at the bottom of the pyramid are basic physical requirements including the need for food, water, sleep and warmth. Once these lower-level needs have been met, people can move on to the next level of needs, which are for safety and security.

Types of Needs

Maslow believed that these needs are similar to instincts and play a major role in motivating behavior. Physiological, security, social, and esteem needs are deficiency needs (also known as D-needs), meaning that these needs arise due to deprivation. Satisfying these lower-level needs is important in order to avoid unpleasant feelings or consequences.

Maslow termed the highest-level of the pyramid as growth needs (also known as being needs or B-needs). Growth needs do not stem from a lack of something, but rather from a desire to grow as a person.

Description of Maslow’s Hierarchy

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is often portrayed in the shape of a pyramid, with the largest and most fundamental levels of needs at the bottom, and the need for self-actualization at the top.

The most fundamental and basic four layers of the pyramid contain what Maslow called "deficiency needs" or "d-needs": esteem, friendship and love, security, and physical needs. With the exception of the most fundamental (physiological) needs, if these "deficiency needs" are not met, the body gives no physical indication but the individual feels anxious and tense. Maslow's theory suggests that the most basic level of needs must be met before the individual will strongly desire (or focus motivation upon) the secondary or higher level needs. Maslow also coined the term Metamotivation to describe the motivation of people who go beyond the scope of the basic needs and strive for constant betterment.^[7] Metamotivated people are driven by B-needs (Being Needs), instead of deficiency needs (D-Needs).

ü Physiological needs

For the most part, physiological needs are obvious-they are the literal requirements for human survival. If these requirements are not met, the human body simply cannot continue to function.

Air, water, and food are metabolic requirements for survival in all animals, including humans. Clothing and shelter provide necessary protection from the elements. The intensity of the human sexual instinct is shaped more by sexual competition than maintaining a birth rate adequate to survival of the species.

These include the most basic needs that are vital to survival, such as the need for water, air, food and sleep. Maslow believed that these needs are the most basic and instinctive needs in the hierarchy because all needs become secondary until these physiological needs are met.

ü Safety needs

With their physical needs relatively satisfied, the individual's safety needs take precedence and dominate behavior. In the absence of physical safety -- due to terrorist attack, war, natural disaster, or, in cases of family violence, childhood abuse, etc. -- people (re-)experience post-traumatic stress disorder and trans-generational trauma transfer. In the absence of economic safety -- due to economic crisis and lack of work opportunities - these safety needs manifest themselves in such things as a preference for job security, grievance procedures for protecting the individual from unilateral authority, savings accounts, insurance policies, reasonable disability accommodations, and the like.

Safety and Security needs include:

· Personal security

· Financial security

· Health and well-being

· Safety net against accidents/illness and their adverse impacts

ü Social needs (Love and Belonging)

After physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, the third layer of human needs are social and involve feelings of belongingness. The need is especially strong in childhood and can over-ride the need for safety as witnessed in children who cling to abusive parents which is sometimes called Stockholm syndrome. The absence of this aspect of Maslow's hierarchy - due to hospitalism, neglect, shunning, ostracism etc. - can impact individual's ability to form and maintain emotionally significant relationships in general, such as:

· Friendship

· Intimacy

· Family

Humans need to feel a sense of belonging and acceptance, whether it comes from a large social group, such as clubs, office culture, religious groups, professional organizations, sports teams, gangs, or small social connections (family members, intimate partners, mentors, close colleagues, confidants). They need to love and be loved (sexually and non-sexually) by others. In the absence of these elements, many people become susceptible to loneliness, social anxiety, and clinical depression. This need for belonging can often overcome the physiological and security needs, depending on the strength of the peer pressure; an anorexic, for example, may ignore the need to eat and the security of health for a feeling of control and belonging.

ü Esteem

All humans have a need to be respected and to have self-esteem and self-respect. Esteem presents the normal human desire to be accepted and valued by others. People need to engage themselves to gain recognition and have an activity or activities that give the person a sense of contribution, to feel self-valued, be it in a profession or hobby. Imbalances at this level can result in low self-esteem or an inferiority complex. People with low self-esteem need respect from others. They may seek fame or glory, which again depends on others. Note, however, that many people with low self-esteem will not be able to improve their view of themselves simply by receiving fame, respect, and glory externally, but must first accept themselves internally. Psychological imbalances such as depression can also prevent one from obtaining self-esteem on both levels.

Most people have a need for a stable self-respect and self-esteem. Maslow noted two versions of esteem needs, a lower one and a higher one. The lower one is the need for the respect of others, the need for status, recognition, fame, prestige, and attention. The higher one is the need for self-respect, the need for strength, competence, mastery, self-confidence, independence and freedom. The latter one ranks higher because it rests more on inner competence won through experience. Deprivation of these needs can lead to an inferiority complex, weakness and helplessness.

Maslow also states that even though these are examples of how the quest for knowledge is separate from basic needs he warns that these “two hierarchies are interrelated rather than sharply separated” (Maslow 97). This means that this level of need, as well as the next and highest level, are not strict, separate levels but closely related to others, and this is possibly the reason that these two levels of need are left out of most textbooks.

ü Self-actualization

This is the highest level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Self-actualizing people are self-aware, concerned with personal growth, less concerned with the opinions of others and interested fulfilling their potential.

“What a man can be, he must be.”^[8] This forms the basis of the perceived need for self-actualization. This level of need pertains to what a person's full potential is and realizing that potential. Maslow describes this desire as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming.^[9] This is a broad definition of the need for self-actualization, but when applied to individuals the need is specific. For example one individual may have the strong desire to become an ideal parent, in another it may be expressed athletically, and in another it may be expressed in painting, pictures, or inventions.^[10] As mentioned before, in order to reach a clear understanding of this level of need one must first not only achieve the previous needs, physiological, safety, love, and esteem, but master these needs.

Psychological Needs of Children

A healthy growth of your child needs to be satisfied with certain psychological needs. To understand and promote the growth of your child you need to understand his psychological needs:

Attention: You need to pay attention to your child. As a child he likes to attract the attention of his parents. When you ignore him he will behave negatively to attract your attention. Always be attentive to your child.

Acceptance: A child is happy when he is accepted by his parents. He knows how to behave in order to get the approval of his parents. Accept your child unconditionally.

Respect: A child needs to have self-respect and to be respected.When your child does not respect himself and he is not being respected his self-esteem will be low and he feels helpless and down. The worst thing that can happen to him is that he will not have the confidence to live in life. Praise your child whenever he does something right to boost his self-confidence.

Belonging: Every one hopes to be part of a group. It is the same with your child. He wants to have a place in a group. If he is rejected or bypassed it will affect his healthy development.

Love: The emotional support and the love of his parents stimulate the child’s mental and physical growth. Shower him with love and tender care.

Achievement: It is the motive of your child to learn something and to achieve success. Provide positive reinforcement in his quest for knowledge.

Friendship: It is natural for your child to make friends. Encourage your child to socialize so that he learns to get along with others in a normal and healthy situation.

Psychological Needs of Adults

Morgan stated that adults have needs, namely:

1. The need to perform an activity. It is very important for adults because of an activity containing a joy for him.

2. The need to please others. Many adults in his life has a lot of motivation to do something for the pleasure of others. Self-esteem a person can be judged from the success of the effort to give pleasure to others. This certainly is its own satisfaction and happiness for people who perform these activities.

3. The need to achieve results. A job that would work well, if the result get a "compliment". Aspects of this praise is an encouragement for adults to work hard.

4. The need to overcome adversity. A difficulty or obstacle, may lead to low self-esteem in adults, but this can be a boost to seek compensation with diligent effort and extraordinary, in order to reach the excess or superiority in a particular field.

Summary

As people progress up the pyramid, needs become increasingly psychological and social. Soon, the need for love, friendship and intimacy become important. Further up the pyramid, the need for personal esteem and feelings of accomplishment take priority. Maslow emphasized the importance of self-actualization, which is a process of growing and developing as a person to achieve individual potential.

In the process of growth and development of a child to adulthood, changes occur in psychological or developmental needs. The development of one's psychological needs also depend on the individual.

The development of the psychological needs of young children through adolescence and adulthood into old age is saying is actually an integrated whole.